Define line and staff organization.

• A. It has no specialists
• B. Large agencies combine staff specialists with the line organization
• C. Same as functional, but adds "staff groups"
• D. The organization structure is identical to the functional model

Answer: (C)

Line and staff organization keeps a direct line of authority for day-to-day operations, but adds staff groups—specialists who provide expert advice and services to the line managers. These staff don’t command line personnel; they assist with analysis, planning, and coordination in areas like finance, human resources, training, legal, or safety. This setup mirrors the functional approach in its emphasis on specialized knowledge, but it incorporates these staff groups to support the line units.